Phelps County is located in the east-central portion of Missouri. It is bordered by Maries, Pulaski, Dent, Texas, Crawford, and Gasconade counties. The county seat is Rolla, which is also the largest city in the county. The county was organized on February 13, 1857.

The county government is composed of three elected commissioners, a county clerk, a prosecuting attorney, a sheriff, and a treasurer. The county also has several departments, including the assessor, collector, coroner, public administrator, recorder of deeds, and surveyor.

The county is part of the Rolla, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The economy of Phelps County is largely based on agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Major employers in the county include the University of Missouri-Rolla, Phelps County Regional Medical Center, and the Missouri Department of Transportation.

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