A judgment is a court's formal decision that one party owes money to another. A lien is a legal claim against an asset — property, vehicle, or other collateral — used to secure that debt. These two instruments are deeply intertwined in public records: a money judgment from a court can be converted into a judgment lien that attaches to real property the debtor owns. Tax agencies at the federal and state level also file liens when taxes go unpaid. Mechanic's liens protect contractors and suppliers who improve real property but are not paid. Understanding where these records are filed — and how to find them — is essential for anyone buying property, extending credit, or conducting due diligence on an individual or business. All records referenced below are official public documents, accessible under state and federal public records laws. Updated March 2026.

Court Judgment Records

A money judgment becomes a lien on real property when it is recorded with the county recorder or clerk. Federal court judgments are searchable through PACER. State court judgments must be searched in the specific state and county where they were entered. In most states, a judgment lien lasts 5–10 years and can be renewed. Always search the debtor's name in every county where they own property.

Federal & State Tax Liens

The IRS files a Notice of Federal Tax Lien (NFTL) in the public records of the county where the taxpayer resides or owns property when federal taxes go unpaid. State tax agencies file equivalent notices. Federal tax lien searches are available through the IRS FOIA reading room and through county recorders. A federal tax lien attaches to all current and future property of the taxpayer until satisfied or released.

Mechanic's Liens & UCC Filings

Mechanic's liens are filed by contractors, subcontractors, and material suppliers when they improve real property and are not paid. Rules differ by state — some states require filing within 30 days of completing work; others allow up to 90 days. UCC (Uniform Commercial Code) financing statements secure loans against personal property and business assets. They are filed with the Secretary of State and are publicly searchable.

How to Search Liens by County

Most lien records are maintained at the county level — filed with the county recorder, register of deeds, or clerk of court depending on the state. The most reliable search is a direct query to the county office for the jurisdiction where the property is located. Many counties now offer free online searches. Title companies perform comprehensive lien searches as part of every real estate transaction.

Search by State

Select your state to find state-specific public records resources.

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a judgment and a lien?

A judgment is a court's decision that someone owes money. A lien is a legal claim against specific property. A judgment becomes a judgment lien when the creditor records it with the county where the debtor owns property. A lien can exist independently of a judgment — for example, a mortgage is a voluntary lien, and a mechanic's lien arises from unpaid work without any court proceeding.

How long does a judgment lien last?

It varies by state. Most states allow judgment liens to remain for 5–10 years, with the option to renew. Florida allows 20 years. California allows 10 years with renewal. A federal tax lien remains until the tax is paid or the collection statute expires — generally 10 years from assessment. Always check the specific state's statute.

How do I find out if there is a lien on a property I want to buy?

The safest method is a professional title search conducted by a title company before closing. You can also search the county recorder's or register of deeds' website for the property address or owner's name. PACER covers federal court judgments. Your state court's e-filing portal covers state judgments.

Can a lien be placed on property without my knowledge?

Yes. Mechanic's liens, tax liens, and judgment liens can be recorded against your property without advance notice to you. This is why a title search before any real estate transaction is essential. You can also periodically check your county recorder's records under your name to catch any liens filed against you.

How do I remove a lien from my property?

The most common method is paying the underlying debt and obtaining a formal lien release document from the creditor, which is then recorded with the same county office where the lien was filed. If the lien is wrongfully filed, you may file a petition in court to have it discharged. An attorney specializing in real property can assist with contested lien releases.